Success isn't just about what you accomplish in your life, it's about what you inspire others to do.
طرق واستراتيجيات التدريس
كتب مجانية
عزيزي المتصفح/ة يمكنك تحميل كتب مجانية في مجال تطوير الذات من موقع مجلة الابتسامة
http://www.ibtesama.com/vb/forumdisplay-f_193.html
المنهج الخفي
ومنها أنه مجموعة المفاهيم والعمليات العقلية والاتجاهات والقيم والأداءات التى يكتسبها المتعلم خارج المنهج المعلن أو الرسمى طواعية وبطريقة التشرب ودون اشراف ونتيجة تفاعل المتعلم تفاعلات مختلفة مع زملائه ومعلميه والادارين فى المدرسة ومن خلال الأنشطة غير الصفية وبالملاحظة والقدوة.
فيعرفه ايفا أنه المنهج المتكون من السلوك والقيم والمعانى التى تدرس للطلاب بواسطة المدرس أو المدرسة دون تخطيط ويعرفه فالنس بأنه مخرجات المدرسة غير الرسمية.
ومن هنا نستخلص أن المنهج الخفى هو : تلك الخبرات غير المخططة وغير المقصودة التى يتعرض لها الطلاب ويمرون بها دون استعداد فيتعلمون أشياء لا تتضمنها أهداف المنهج.
هو تلك القيم والتوجهات التى ترمز فى النشاطات والممارسات وبعض مظاهر السلوك التى يتعرض لها الطلاب داخل المدرسة مما لا تتضمنه المنهج الدراسى وهى التى يتأثرون بها ويكتسبونها بصورة غير واعية أحيانا ويكتسبون قيم واتجاهات بصورة واعية ومقننة أحيانا أخرى..
Drilling

At its simplest, drilling means listening to a model, provided by the teacher, or a tape or another student, and repeating what is heard. This is a repetition drill, a technique that is still used by many teachers when introducing new language items to their students. The teacher says (models) the word or phrase and the students repeat it.
Other types of drill include substitution drills, or question and answer drills. Substitution drills can be used to practise different structures or vocabulary items(i.e. one or more words change during the drill).
Example:
Prompt: 'I go to work. He?'
Response: 'He goes to work.'
In question and answer drills the prompt is a question and the response is the answer. This is used for practising common adjacency pairs such as 'What's the matter?', 'I've got a (headache') or 'Can I have a (pen) please?', 'Yes here you are.' The words in brackets here can be substituted during the drill.
In all drills learners have no or very little choice over what is said so drills are a form of very controlled practice. There is one correct answer and the main focus is on 'getting it right' i.e. on accuracy. Drills are usually conducted chorally (i.e. the whole class repeats) then individually . There is also the possibility of groups or pairs of students doing language drills together.
What drills can be useful for:
For the learners, drills can:
Provide for a focus on accuracy. Increased accuracy (along with increased fluency and complexity) is one of the ways in which a learner's language improves so there is a need to focus on accuracy at certain stages of the lesson or during certain task types.
Provide learners with intensive practice in hearing and saying particular words or phrases. They can help learners get their tongues around difficult sounds or help them imitate intonation that may be rather different from that of their first language.
Provide a safe environment for learners to experiment with producing the language. This may help build confidence particularly among learners who are not risk-takers.
Help students notice the correct form or pronunciation of a word or phrase. Noticing or consciousness raising of language is an important stage in developing language competence.
Provide an opportunity for learners to get immediate feedback on their accuracy in terms of teacher or peer correction. Many learners want to be corrected.
Help memorisation and automisation of common language patterns and language chunks. This may be particularly true for aural learners.
Meet student expectations i.e. They may think drilling is an essential feature of language classrooms.
For the teacher, drills can:
Help in terms of classroom management, enabling us to vary the pace of the lesson or to get all learners involved.
Help us recognise if new language is causing problems in terms of form or pronunciation.
www.teachingenglish.org.uk\think\methodology\drilling.html
Are you an effective teacher?
Do You . . .
Listen to your students?
Know your students’ names by the end of the first two weeks of school?
Try to see things from your students’ point of view?
Smile in class?
Believe all your students are capable of learning your subject?
Convey your enthusiasm for what you are teaching?
Continue to improve your teaching effectiveness?
Believe in the value of what you are teaching?
Have clear objectives for each lesson?
Clearly communicate your expectations to your students?
Strive to create an inviting room environment?
Establish routines the first week of school?
Try to get to know all your students as individuals?
Encourage cooperation more than competition in your classroom?
Demonstrate a sense of humor in working with your students?
Praise your students for specific accomplishments?
Fairly and consistently enforce your rules?
Use more positive than negative statements in your classes?
Communicate the positive achievements of students to their parents?
Make positive comments on students’ papers?
Permit your students to make mistakes as they learn new content and skills?
Avoid overreacting to minor misbehaviors?
Create interesting lessons that actively involve students?
Encourage students to ask questions when they don’t understand some part of your lesson?
Capitalize upon spontaneous learning opportunities when they occur?
Attend workshops or classes to continue improving your teaching skills?
Maintain at least an 80 percent on-task rate in your classes?
Compliment students, individually and as a group?
Make effective use of class time?
Strive to link current lessons to students’ prior knowledge?
Provide reflection time for all students?
Give students guided practice?
Provide appropriate pacing for your lessons (neither too slow nor too fast)?
Employ a variety of instructional techniques besides lecture?
Regularly communicate with the parents of students having difficulties?
Consider the variety of learning styles of your students in planning your lessons?
Adapt your lessons on the spot when they aren’t working?
Provide opportunities for students to seek extra help if they fall behind?
Feel confident in your ability to handle the challenges you face in the classroom?
Greet your students as they enter the classroom?
Avoid the use of sarcasm or ridicule in interacting with students?
Have everything ready for the day when you enter the building in the morning?
Are you in control of your classroom, but not obsessed with the idea of control?
Are you able to effectively nip behavior problems in the bud before they escalate?
source: unknown
Be Reflective
Think about what went well or didn't go well in a lesson. Think about the reasons why something went well. Think about how you can improve on the things which didn't go well. These questions may help you:
- Did I achieve my aims?
- What did my students learn?
- Were the materials helpful?
- Did the activities motivate the class?
- Did my students enjoy the lesson?
- How do I know my lesson was successful?
- What did I learn from my students?
- What changes will I make if I teach this lesson again?
Winners versus Losers
I am not sure who made this but it is worth reading.The Winner is always part of the answer;
the Loser is always part of the problem.
The Winner always has a program;
the Loser always has an excuse.
The Winner says, "Let me do it for you";
the Loser says, "That's not my job."
The Winner sees an answer for every problem;
the Loser sees a problem for every answer.
The Winner says, "It may be difficult but it is possible";
the Loser says, "It may be possible but it is too difficult."
When a Winner makes a mistake, •he says, " I was wrong";
When a Loser makes a mistake, he says, "It wasn't my fault."
A Winner makes commitments;
a Loser makes promises.
Winners have dreams;
losers have schemes.
Winners say, "I must do something";
losers say, "Something must be done."
Winners are a part of the team;
losers are apart from the team.
Winners see the gain;
losers see pain.
Winners see possibilities;
losers see problems.
Winners believe in win/win;
losers believe for them to win someone has to lose.
Winners see the potential;
losers see the past.
Winners are like a thermostat;
losers are like thermometers.
Winners choose what they say;
losers say what they choose.
Winners use hard arguments, but soft words;
losers use soft arguments, but hard words;
Winners stand firm on values but compromise on petty things;
losers stand firm on petty things but compromise on values.
Winners follow the philosophy of empathy: "Don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you";
losers follow the philosophy, "Do it to others before they do it to you."
Winners make it happen;
losers let it happen.
LEVELS of Change

Brain-based concepts to optimize learning

2. STRESS REDUCTION - Stress is also an enemy of efficient thinking. Make sure students know how to reduce stress - teach stress reduction and relaxation exercises.
6. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES - Be willing to make allowances for individual differences. Learn about learning disabilities, modalities, learning styles, and multiple intelligences. Use a variety of techniques based on these concepts and create instructional bridges from one intelligence into another or from one learning style into another.
8. RIGHT & LEFT HEMISPHERE ACTIVITIES - Use activities that use both hemispheres of the brain. Vary thought processes so that you are using both convergent and divergent thought processes, the rational and linear, combined with intuitive and creative thought processes.
9. VARYING EXPERIENCES - Provide experiences that require reflection, experiential learning, and concrete experience and/or application. Create bridges to abstract thought using common experiences, experiential learning, personal reflection, metaphors, similes and analogies.
11. DOWN TIME - Be willing to give students appropriate time in which to be creative and reflective. Creative thought cannot be turned on and off like a switch. It requires time to dream about and develop ideas. Be willing to give students the gift of time.
12. MOVEMENT MAKES THE ABSTRACT CONCRETE - Allow students opportunities to physically encode information. This means having students move, talk, walk, handle, sing, rhyme, dance, tap out, write, dramatize and so forth, so that they are creating many different pathways to their memories.
13. PAIR-SHARE PATTERN-MAKING - Allow students opportunities to construct and discover patterns by themselves. Give them opportunities to share discovered patterns with others.
14. REFLECTION - Provide an environment where students find it safe enough to make mistakes. Some of life's most valuable lessons come making and attempting to rectify mistakes. Encourage students to reflect on their mistakes and learn from them.
15. TEACHING & LEARNING STYLES - Vary your teaching techniques - mixing and combining cognitive, affective and physical activities and learning modalities - (auditory, visual and kinesthetic (haptic, digital, tactile) and multimodal preferences).
16. MEMORY- ENHANCING ACTIVITIES - If you want students to remember something, make it memorable. (music, movement, drama, costumes, hats, art work, mind maps )
17. RETENTION INCREASES THROUGH USE - Retention is increased when there are opportunities for students to rehearse learned material, through active discussion, and by teaching and/or tutoring others.





